Bioremediation of surface water oil spills

ABSTRACT

A process for bioremediating a surface water oil spill includes mixing organic fertilizer with a floatable material selected from saw dust, wood shavings, and a combination thereof to produce a floatable bacterial nutrient, and applying the floatable bacterial nutrient onto an oil spill-impacted water surface. Hydrocarbon-digesting microbes can be added to the floatable bacterial nutrient.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional application of U.S. Ser. No.14/154,078, filed Jan. 13, 2014, the content of which is herebyexpressly incorporated herein in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIVE CONCEPTS

1. Field of the Inventive Concepts

The present invention relates to a bioremediation process, and moreparticularly but not by way of limitation, to a process forbioremediation of a surface water oil spill.

2. Brief Description of Related Art

Accidental oil spills, when they occur, threaten sensitive environments.Prior art techniques available for removing oil slicks from surfacewaters have been costly and generally not as effective as desired. Thereis a need for economic, effective processes capable of remediatingsurface water contamination. It is to such a process that the presentlydisclosed and claimed inventive concepts are directed.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIVE CONCEPTS

A process for bioremediating a surface water oil spill includes mixingorganic fertilizer with a floatable material. Suitable floatablematerial includes saw dust, wood shavings, and the like. Suchcombination produces a floatable bacterial nutrient which can be appliedonto an oil spill-impacted water surface. Hydrocarbon-digesting microbescan be added to the floatable bacterial nutrient.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Like reference numerals in the figures represent and refer to the sameor similar element or function. Implementations of the disclosure may bebetter understood when consideration is given to the following detaileddescription thereof. Such description makes reference to the annexedpictorial illustrations, schematics, and drawings. The figures are notnecessarily to scale and certain features and certain views of thefigures may be shown exaggerated, to scale, or in schematic in theinterest of clarity and conciseness. In the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a pictorial representation of an apparatus for converting wellsite waste fluids into indigenous fertile top soil at a well site inaccordance with the inventive concepts disclosed herein.

FIG. 2 is a pictorial representation of another embodiment of anapparatus for converting waste fluids into indigenous fertile top soilat the well site wherein the apparatus is provided with lids for closingoff various compartments of the apparatus.

FIG. 3 is a side elevational view of the apparatus of FIG. 1.

FIG. 4 is a top plan view of the apparatus of FIG. 1.

FIG. 5 is a cross sectional view of the apparatus of FIG. 3 taken alongthe line 5-5 thereof.

FIG. 6 is a cross sectional view of the apparatus of FIG. 4 taken alongthe line 6-6 thereof.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

Before explaining at least one embodiment of the inventive conceptsdisclosed herein in detail, it is to be understood that the inventiveconcepts are not limited in their application to the details ofconstruction, experiments, exemplary data, and/or the arrangement of thecomponents set forth in the following description, or illustrated in thedrawings. The presently disclosed and claimed inventive concepts arecapable of other embodiments or of being practiced or carried out invarious ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology andterminology employed herein is for purpose of description only andshould not be regarded as limiting in any way.

In the following detailed description of embodiments of the inventiveconcepts, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide amore thorough understanding of the inventive concepts. However, it willbe apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the inventiveconcepts within the disclosure may be practiced without these specificdetails. In other instances, well-known features have not been describedin detail to avoid unnecessarily complicating the instant disclosure.

Further, unless expressly stated to the contrary, “or” refers to aninclusive or and not to an exclusive or. For example, a condition A or Bis satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and Bis false (or not present), A is false (or not present) and B is true (orpresent), and both A and B are true (or present).

In addition, use of the “a” or “an” are employed to describe elementsand components of the embodiments herein. This is done merely forconvenience and to give a general sense of the inventive concepts. Thisdescription should be read to include one or at least one, and thesingular also includes the plural unless it is obvious that it is meantotherwise.

During the drilling and operation of wells to recover oil and gas, awide variety of waste fluids and muds can be produced. The followingdiscussion covers major categories of water-based and oil-based drillingmuds, fracturing fluids and produced waters.

Water-Based and Oil-Based Based Drilling Muds.

When drilling the well, for example, it is necessary to circulate aliquid drilling mud down the drill pipe to the bottom of the well boreand up the well bore to the surface. The drilling mud keeps the geologicformation surrounding the well bore in place and enhances and maintainsthe ability to move the pipe up and down the well bore. The drilling mudperforms several different functions in the rotary drilling operation.Examples of some of these functions are: 1) remove formation cuttingsfrom the drilled hole, 2) suspend cuttings during trips, 3) form animpermeable wall cake, 4) prevent caving of the formation, and 5)control formation pressure.

A typical mud system for use in the drilling of oil and gas wellsincludes a mud holding tank, usually positioned at the well site on oradjacent the drilling rig, and a network of pumps, mixers and mud supplylines that run to and from the well bore. The mud holding tank is usedto hold the various dry and liquid components of the drilling mud asthey are mixed into a slurry to produce a drilling mud having thedesired physical properties and characteristics. The drilling mud isthen pumped from the mud holding tank through the mud supply lines andcirculated through the well bore at the desired rate. The spent drillingmud can thereafter be cleaned or reconditioned during the drillingoperation or deposited in a mud pit for subsequent removal to a remotedisposal site.

Drilling muds of different types, weights and viscosity are requireddepending upon the depth of the well, geologic formations encounteredand the diameter of a well bore. The term “drilling mud” is a term ofart in the oil field industry and may be more accurately described as a“drilling fluid;” the term “drilling fluid” as used herein incorporatesdrilling mud. Drilling fluids can be extremely simple or extremelycomplex in structure and formulation, depending on where they are usedand what they are used for. Drilling muds can be broken into at leastthree general categories: freshwater-based muds, saltwater-based mudsand oil-based muds.

Water-based muds contain low to moderate levels of sodium chloride.However, more than 98% of the total volume of waste fluid are justnatural ingredients, namely: 1) the liquid based water; 2) bentonite(clay particles); 3) barium (a weighting material); and 4) drillingsolids (earth's subsurface).

Saltwater-based drilling fluids are often used for shale inhibition andfor drilling salt formations. In some cases, solids-free and low-solidssystems are formulated with high-density brines such as calciumchloride, calcium bromide, zinc bromide, and the like.

In some cases, an oil-based drilling mud is utilized. Oil-based drillingfluids are composed of oil as the continuous phase and water as thedispersed phase. Other constituents include emulsifiers, wetting agents,gelling agents, barite and treated bentonite. The oil phase is typicallydiesel, kerosene, fuel oil or mineral oil, requiring additionalremediation measures.

Fracturing Fluids.

After the well has been drilled, completion can include “stimulation” orhydraulic fracturing, often referred to as “hydrofracking.”Hydrofracking involves injection of hydraulic fracturing fluid, usuallywater-based, under pressure so as to create fractures. Hydraulicfracturing fluids include proppants (commonly sand), acids, and a numberof chemical additives. The acids react with minerals present in theformation to create salts. Once the fractures are created, the pressureis released and much of the hydraulic fracturing fluid, along withformation fluids and contaminants, come back to the surface. Thisflowback waste fluid is considered industrial waste. High salt content,particularly sodium, can require additional remediation measures.

Produced Waters.

Much of the petroleum in the earth's crust was created by the decay ofsea life. As a result, petroleum deposits often occur in aquiferscontaining brine (salt water). The water contained in reservoirs of oiland gas is known as “formation water.” During production, a mixture ofoil, gas, and formation water is pumped to the surface. The water isseparated from the oil and gas and removed to tanks or pits, where it isreferred to as “produced water.” As the oil and gas in the reservoir areremoved, more of what is pumped to the surface is formation water.Consequently, declining oil fields generate more produced water.Historically, produced water was disposed of in large evaporation ponds.However, this has become an increasingly unacceptable disposal methodfrom both environmental and social perspectives. Produced water isconsidered an industrial waste requiring remediation measures.

Heretofore, many well site waste fluids could not be economicallyprocessed at the well site, requiring the operator to obtain permits inorder to haul the waste fluid off the location for treatment ordisposal. The cost of analyzing, hauling, handling and disposal of wastefluids can be very expensive. Where the waste goes and how it is handledis very important. The liability associated with the process of handlingand disposing of waste fluids concerns the government, the public and ofcourse the oil companies and their waste contractors. As long as the oiland gas industry generates large volumes of waste fluids, thegovernment, in response to public pressure, may refuse to license oilcompanies to drill on public lands.

If a new technology were developed which would provide environmentalprotection, new energy supplies could be found, without the negativeenvironmental cost. That is, if oil companies could drill for oil andgas and not generate any liquid or solid waste for disposal, theattitude toward oil companies would change overnight. Generation ofwaste is not the problem; the problem is the disposal of such waste.

The presently disclosed inventive concepts provide a process having theflexibility to treat multiple chemically diverse waste fluids producedat an oil and/or gas well site, and turn the waste fluids into “fertileindigenous top soil” at the well site within hours of the waste fluidbeing produced. The top soil will be at least as fertile, if not morefertile, than the surrounding soil, and will possess many of the samebiological and mineralogical characteristics as the local soil. This isdesirable because the enzymes and microorganisms in the soil present atthe well site are already adapted to the specific local climate. Thehauling, disposal and long term liability associated with the disposalof the waste fluids are alleviated if not eliminated.

In one embodiment, a well site waste fluid decontamination processevaluates a waste fluid to determine if the waste fluid includes one ofa saline level requiring treatment for sodium; a hydrocarbon levelrequiring hydrocarbon treatment; and drilling fluid requiring claytreatment. Mature compost, organic fertilizer, and top soil are mixedwith the waste fluid to form a mixture containing waste fluid, fromabout 30 to 150 volume percent mature compost, from about 5 to 20 volumepercent organic fertilizer, and from about 5 to 20 volume percent topsoil from the well site wherein each volume percent is based on thevolume of the waste fluid present in the mixture.

If the waste fluid includes fracturing fluid requiring treatment forsodium, a calcium salt, for example calcium nitrate, is mixed with thewaste fluid in an amount sufficient to balance the sodium contentthereof. If the waste fluid includes a hydrocarbon level requiringhydrocarbon treatment, hydrocarbon-digesting microbes and an additional5 to 100 volume percent organic fertilizer is mixed with the wastefluid. Hydrocarbon-digesting microbes are mixed with the waste fluid inan amount sufficient to inoculate the waste fluid. If the waste fluidincludes drilling fluid requiring clay treatment, about 5 to 15 volumepercent gypsum is mixed with the waste fluid to break up and reduceadhesive characteristics of clay particles present in the waste fluid.The resulting mixture is stirred for a period of time effective to forma substantially homogenous mixture, and the substantially homogenousmixture is dried so as to produce fertile top soil.

The waste fluid can be analyzed to determine its pH and the presence ofheavy metals, soluble salts such as sodium chloride, and hydrocarbonsand petroleum products. Evaluation of the waste fluid to determine pH,heavy metals, salinity, and particularly sodium level, can be achievedby sampling and testing the fluid using analytical procedures andequipment known to those skilled in the art. Since the waste fluiddecontamination process is located at the well site, operators likelyknow the source of the waste fluid and such knowledge can oftendetermine the need for treatment of sodium, with analytical testprocedures optionally supplementing the determination.

Evaluation of the waste fluid to determine the hydrocarbon level canalso be achieved by sampling procedures using analytical procedures andequipment known to those skilled in the art. Alternatively, if the wastefluid includes an oil-based drilling or fracturing fluid, since thesefluids are purchased or mixed on-site, the operator is likely to knownot only that high hydrocarbon levels are present, but also whichhydrocarbon(s) is predominate. Analytical sampling and testing cansupplement the determination of process variables.

Evaluation of the waste fluid to determine clay content can be achievedby sampling, visual or microscopic examination, waste source knowledge,and procedures known to those skilled in the art. In spent water-baseddrilling fluid, for example, a portion of the solids may be bentonite, aweighting material added to most drilling muds, and a portion may becuttings including subterranean clays.

A plurality of dry ingredients, i.e., a humus material such as maturecompost, top soil from the well location, and organic fertilizer such ascow manure, chicken manure, pig manure and the like, are mixed with thewaste fluid to form a substantially homogeneous mixture or slurry. Ifthe viscosity of the homogeneous mixture is too high due to the amountof dry ingredients mixed with the waste fluid or the amount of waterpresent in the waste fluid, fresh water is added to the mixture untilthe desired viscosity of the mixture is achieved.

The amount of the mature compost, organic fertilizer and indigenous topsoil mixed with the waste fluid can vary. However, the mixture willgenerally contain an effective amount of waste fluid, from about 30 to150 volume percent of mature compost, from about 5 to 20 volume percentorganic fertilizer, and from about 5 to 20 volume percent indigenous topsoil based on the volume of waste fluid present in the mixture.

“Mature compost” is used herein and in the appended claims to includehumus as well as organic matter that has not completely decayed as faras humus. Humus is the stable, long lasting remnant of decaying organicmaterial. Mature compost improves soil structure and increases waterretention by increasing microporosity. Mature compost incorporatesoxygen into large organic molecular structures having many active,negatively charged sites that bind to positively charged ions and plantnutrients, making them available to the plant by way of ion exchange.Mature compost includes trace elements and several important organicacids, but does not include significant nitrogen or phosphorus.

Nitrogen and phosphorus are provided by the addition of organicfertilizers, i.e., fertilizers derived from animal or vegetable matter.Examples of suitable organic fertilizers include, but are not limitedto, such as cow manure, chicken manure and pig manure, worm castings,seaweed, humic acid and guano. Most organic fertilizers containinsoluble nitrogen allowing them to act as a slow-release fertilizer. Bytheir nature, organic fertilizers increase physical and biologicalnutrient storage mechanisms in soils, and reduce the risk ofover-fertilization that can occur with soluble chemical fertilizers.

In one embodiment, at least one of cow manure, chicken manure, and pigmanure is added to the waste fluid in an amount of from about 5 to 20volume percent based on the volume of waste water.

By incorporating an effective amount of the top soil at the welllocation with a mixture containing waste fluid, mature compost, and theorganic fertilizer, an enzyme base is provided in the mixturecorresponding with the soil surrounding the well location, and themicro-organisms present in the mixture are enhanced so that thehydrocarbon present in the waste fluid is consumed by the enzymes while,at the same time, the nitrogen level of the resulting fertile indigenoustop soil so produced is increased by the organic fertilizer.

Additional ingredients or components can be introduced into the mixture.For example, if the pH of the waste fluid is less than 7, naturalmaterial, such as lime (CaO), potassium hydroxide (KOH), and the like,can be added to provide the waste fluid with a higher pH to prevent anyheavy metals present in the waste fluid from becoming water soluble andto insure that heavy metals adhere to the clay particles present in thewaste fluid.

To control and/or reduce the level of water-soluble salts such as sodiumchloride in the produced fertile top soil, particularly if the wastefluid includes fracturing fluid requiring treatment for sodium, aneffective amount of calcium, magnesium and/or potassium is added to thewaste fluid. The calcium, magnesium and/or potassium functions tobalance the sodium ions and to provide a mass ion effect for soiladsorption and ion exchange with the clays present naturally. The sodiumis more readily washed out of the top soil, thereby retaining othercations necessary for plant health.

In one embodiment wherein the waste fluid requires treatment for sodium,calcium nitrate, also called Norgessalpeter (Norwegian saltpeter), isadded to the waste fluid. Calcium nitrate is used as a component infertilizer and is found naturally as the mineral nitrocalcite. A varietyof related salts including calcium ammonium nitrate decahydrate andcalcium potassium nitrate decahydrate, can be used to provide calciumnitrate to the waste fluid. In another embodiment, calcium and nitrogenare added as NITRACAL-100™ and supplemented by NITRACAL-SC™ soilconditioners offered by SPL Control, L.L.C. of Elmore City, Okla.

Typically, hydrocarbon levels present in water-based drilling muds andproduced waters can be remediated by microbes naturally present in theindigenous soil, particularly since the organisms present in the mixtureare enhanced by the addition of 5 to 20 volume percent organicfertilizer. In this way the hydrocarbon present in the waste fluid isconsumed by the enzymes. However, high hydrocarbon levels in the wastefluid, particularly if it includes spent oil-based drilling fluids andoil-based fracturing fluids, can require additional organic fertilizerand addition of hydrocarbon-digesting microbes in sufficient quantitiesto inoculate the waste fluid.

In one embodiment, when evaluation of the hydrocarbon level in the wastefluid warrants additional organic fertilizer, an additional 5 to 100volume percent organic fertilizer is added to the waste fluid, thevolume percent based on the volume of waste fluid. The organicfertilizer adds nitrogen and phosphorus needed by thehydrocarbon-digesting microbes also added to the waste fluid.

A number of hydrocarbon-digesting microbes have been discovered and canbe utilized in the present inventive concepts. Some of these microbesrequire oxygen, and some can digest hydrocarbons without the need foroxygen. For example, one well known suitable oil-eating bacteria is thegenetically engineered form of bacterium under the genus Psuedomonusdeveloped by the microbiologist Chakrabarty. Chakrabarty's bacterium wasused to help clean the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Another suitable microbeis Alcanivorax Borkumensis, a naturally occurring marine bacterium thatrelies on oil hydrocarbons as its only source of energy. Yet anotherexample of suitable microbes is SpillRemed™, a commercial productdeveloped by Sarva Bio Remed as an oil clean-up solution. SpillRemed™contains bacteria including Pseudonomas Pseudoalkaligenes andPhenylobacterium Immobile that break oil down into carbon dioxide andwater. Once the hydrocarbons are depleted, the bacteria die off.

If the waste fluid is determined to include drilling fluid requiringclay treatment, from about 5 to 15 volume percent of gypsum can beadded, the volume percent based on the volume of waste fluid present inthe mixture. Gypsum is a hydrated calcium sulfate commonly used forgypsum board, plaster, fertilizer, and soil conditioner. The gypsumbreaks up and reduces the adhesive properties of the clays. Thisincreases the distance between the clay particles so that sodium canmigrate throughout the fertile indigenous top soil produced inaccordance with the present inventive concepts and thus, preventdestruction or burning of the roots and seeds of plants planted in suchsoil.

To effect the conversion of the mixture containing the waste fluid, airor heated air, or compressed or heated compressed air can be injectedinto the mixture in an amount and at a velocity sufficient tosubstantially saturate the mixture and thereby enhance the activity ofthe enzymes present in the mixture, as well as dry the resultingindigenous fertile top soil produced from the mixture.

Referring now to the drawings, and more particularly to FIGS. 1, 3 and 4shown therein is an apparatus 10 employed in the conversion of wastefluids into indigenous fertile top soil at the well site. The apparatus10 includes a hopper 12 supported on a skid 14 for enhancing movement ofthe apparatus 10 to a desired location at the well site. While theapparatus 10 has been shown as having the skid 14 connected to a lowerportion or bottom 16 of the hopper 12, any suitable structure can beemployed in place of the skid 14, such as a plurality of axles andwheels, as long as the structure permits the apparatus 10, and thus thehopper 12, to be easily moved to the desired location at the well site.

The hopper 12 has a first end 17, a second end 18, a first side 20, asecond side 22 and the bottom 16. A bulk head or partition 24 is securedin the hopper 12 so as to define a first compartment 26 and a secondcompartment 28. The first compartment 26, which is adapted to receivethe waste fluid, is provided with a fluid transfer assembly 30; and thesecond compartment 28, which is designed to receive and treat the wastefluid, is provided with a mixing assembly 32 for mixing the waste fluidwith additional components such as mature compost or humus material,organic fertilizer, indigenous soil from the well site, and effectiveamounts of other additives depending on evaluation of the waste fluidcomposition, during conversion of the mixture into indigenous fertiletop soil.

As shown in FIGS. 3-5, the apparatus 10 is further provided with adispensing assembly 34 (FIGS. 3 and 4) which is in fluid communicationwith the second compartment 28 of the hopper 12. The dispensing assembly34 includes an auger 36 and an exit opening 38 for dischargingindigenous fertile top soil produced from waste fluid from the secondcompartment 28 of the hopper 12.

Shown in FIG. 2 is another embodiment of an apparatus 10 a constructedin accordance with the present invention. The apparatus 10 a is similarin construction to the apparatus 10 except that a first compartment 26 aof the apparatus 10 a is provided with a lid 40 and a second compartment28 a of the apparatus 10 a is provided with a lid 42. It should be notedthat the lids 40 and 42 of the apparatus 10 a are connected to a hopper12 a of the apparatus 10 a via a plurality of hinges 44 and 46,respectively, for permitting the lids 40 and 42 to be selectively movedbetween an open position and a closed position. That is, when the lid 40is in an open position waste fluid can be introduced into the firstcompartment 26 a of the apparatus 10 a; and when the lid 42 of theapparatus 10 a is in an open position solid and liquid ingredients canbe incorporated into the second compartment 28 a for mixing with thewaste fluid disposed therein. While the lids 40 and 42 have been shownconnected to the hopper 12 a via the hinges 44 and 46, it should beunderstood that the lids 40 and 42 can be designed for slidableengagement with the hopper 12 a or can merely be supported on the hopper12 a so as to selectively close off the first and second compartments 26a and 28 a of the hopper 12 a.

Since the apparatus 10 and 10 a are similar in construction, except forthe lids 40 and 42, and their connection to the hopper 12 a via thehinges 44 and 46, only the apparatus 10 and the operation of theapparatus 10 will be described in detail hereinafter.

Referring more specifically to FIGS. 3 and 4, the first and secondcompartments 26 and 28 of the apparatus 10 will be described in moredetail, as well as the fluid transfer assembly 30 for transferring thewaste fluid from the first compartment 26 of the apparatus 10 to thesecond compartment 28 of the apparatus 10. It should be noted that whilethe first compartment 26 is shown as having a capacity less than abouthalf of the capacity of the second compartment 28 of the apparatus 10,the size of the first compartment 26 relative to the second compartment28 can be varied widely.

However, when the size of the first compartment 26 relative to thesecond compartment 28 is increased in capacity, it may be desirable toincorporate a valve (not shown) into the fluid transfer assembly 30 soas to control the amount of waste fluid transferred from the firstcompartment 26 of the apparatus 10 to the second compartment 28 thereofbecause of the amount of solid and liquid ingredients mixed with thewaste fluid in the second compartment 28 to produce indigenous fertiletop soil from the waste fluid.

As previously stated, the apparatus 10 is provided with the bulk head orpartition 24 for separating the first compartment 26 of the apparatus 10from the second compartment 28 thereof. A floor 48 is provided in thefirst compartment 26 of the apparatus 10. The floor 48 is disposed adistance 50 from the bottom 16 of the hopper 12 and extends between thefirst and second sides 20 and 22 of the hopper 12, respectively, and thefirst end 17 of the hopper 12 and the bulk head or partition 24 so as toprovide a chamber 52 below the floor 48 of the first compartment 26.

As more clearly shown in FIGS. 3 and 6, the fluid transfer assembly 30includes a pump 54 supported on the floor 48 of the first compartment 26and a transfer conduit 56. One end 58 of the transfer conduit 56 isconnected to the pump 54 and in fluid communication with a dischargeport 60 of the pump 54. An opposed second end 62 of the transfer conduit56 is in fluid communication with the second compartment 28 of thehopper 12 via an opening 64 formed through the bulkhead or partition 24so as to be disposed near an upper end 66 of the bulkhead or partition24 substantially as shown. The pump 54 can be any conventional pumpcapable of pumping the waste fluid. Further, the pump 54 is connected toa power source in a conventional manner. Thus, no further details ordescription of the pump 54 and its connection to a power source arebelieved necessary to enable a person skilled in the art to understandand practice the present invention.

The waste fluid treated in the apparatus 10 will generally be filteredand/or screened prior to introduction into the first compartment 26 ofthe hopper 12 so as to remove any large particulate matter therefrom.However, in situations wherein the waste fluid is not filtered orscreened, large particulate material may be present in the waste fluiddisposed in the first compartment 26 of the hopper 12. Thus, the pump 54may be provided with a cowling 68 having a plurality of openings 70formed in a lower end 72 thereof which function as filters to preventlarge particulate matter and other large objects present in the wastefluid from entering an inlet port 74 of the pump 54 and thereby cloggingthe pump 54.

Upon activation of the pump 54 spent water-based drilling fluid istransferred from the first compartment 26 of the hopper 12 into thesecond compartment 28 of the hopper 12 for admixture with compost ororganic matter, manure, indigenous soil and when required, otheradditives to lower the sodium chloride content of the waste fluid or toadd additional enzymes to enhance the breakdown of hydrocarbons whichmay be present in the waste fluid. Referring now to FIGS. 3-5, themixing assembly 32, which is supported within the second compartment 28of the hopper 12, includes a shaft 78 which is mounted longitudinally inthe second compartment 28 of the hopper 12. The shaft 78 is mounted forrotation and is provided with a plurality of angularly disposed stirringelements or paddles 80 extending radially from the shaft 78 such thatupon rotation of the shaft 78, the stirring elements or paddles 80provide substantially uniform movement of the mixture formed of thewaste fluid, mature compost, organic fertilizer, indigenous soil, andother additives as required, in the second compartment 28. The angulardisposition of the stirring elements or paddles 80 will vary dependingupon the overall configuration of the second compartment 28 of thehopper 12. Generally, the stirring elements or paddles 80 are configuredand disposed along the shaft 78 in such a manner as to provide therequired agitation of the mixture to provide a substantially homogenousmixture as a result of the substantially uniform movement of the mixturein the second compartment 28 of the hopper 12 during conversion of thewaste fluid into fertile indigenous top soil.

The shaft 78 can be driven by a motor 82 or any other drive mechanismsuch as a chain drive system and the like. Further, the motor 82 and thepump 54 can be electrically activated in a conventional manner, or themotor 82 and the pump 54 can be operated via a diesel or gasolineengine. Thus, no further comments concerning the pump 54 or the motor 82is believed necessary to anyone skilled in the art to understand andpractice the present invention.

The dispersing assembly 34 of the apparatus 10 includes the auger 36supported longitudinally in an air lock chamber 84 defined by a cylinder86 (FIG. 5) which is supported below the second compartment 28 of thehopper 12. The auger 36 is rotatably mounted in the cylinder 86 so thatupon conversion of the waste fluid into fertile indigenous top soil andactivation of a motor 82 (FIG. 3), the auger 36 is rotated and fertileindigenous top soil is removed from the cylinder 86 via the exit opening38. It should be noted that the exit opening 38 is provided with a cap88 (FIGS. 2 and 3) which must be removed prior to discharging indigenousfertile top soil from the cylinder 80 and thus the air lock chamber 84of the dispersing assembly 34.

Referring now to FIGS. 3, 5 and 6, the apparatus 10 further includes airsupply conduits 90 and 92 for supplying compressed air, heatedcompressed air, and/or oxygen-enriched air, optionally at high volumes,into the second compartment 28 of the hopper 12 to substantiallysaturate the mixture with air and/or enhance enzyme activity on thehydrocarbon components present in the waste fluid during conversion ofthe waste fluid into the desired indigenous fertile top soil. Further,the introduction of air into the second compartment 28 of the hopper 12can act to dry the indigenous fertile top soil product from the mixture.The air supply conduits 90 and 92 extend lengthwise through the hopper12 such that a portion of each of the air supply conduits 90 and 92extending through the chamber 52 in the first compartment 26 of thehopper 12 and a portion of the air supply conduits 90 and 92 containingapertures 94 and 96, respectively, are disposed adjacent an opening 92of the cylinder 80 at a position so as to not interfere with therotational movement of the auger 36 when the auger 36 is activated todispense the indigenous fertile top soil produced in the secondcompartment 28 of the hopper 12 as hereinforth described. Thus, airsupply conduits 90 and 92 are connected to an air supply source 98(FIG. 1) such as a compressor, a tank, or the like so that compressedair can be injected into the second compartment 26 of the hopper 12 toenhance enzyme activity and thus conversion of the waste fluid intoindigenous fertile top soil in accordance with the present invention. Ifrequired due to the ambient temperature at the well site, the compressedair can be heated to a temperature of least 60° F., and in oneembodiment, from about 70° to 105° F.

Having described the apparatus 10 which is suitable for the conversionof waste fluid into indigenous fertile top soil, the method ofconverting such waste fluid into indigenous fertile top soil will now bedescribed with reference to the drawings.

In one embodiment, the apparatus 10 is moved to the well site so thatthe waste fluid can be introduced into the first compartment 26 of thehopper 12. The apparatus 10 is provided with skids 14 so that theapparatus 10 can readily be moved to the well site by a vehicle. Oncethe apparatus 10 is in place, waste fluid is transferred from, forexample, a mud pit or a containment vessel into the first compartment 26of the hopper 12. The waste fluid can be passed through a filter and/orshaker (not shown) prior to introducing same into the first compartment26 of the hopper 12 so as to remove any large particulate matter fromthe waste fluid.

In one embodiment, the waste fluid is analyzed, either before or afterit has been transferred into the first compartment 26 of the hopper 12,to determine the amount and type of solids present in the waste fluid,as well as the pH of the waste fluid, the presence of heavy metals,soluble salts such as sodium chloride, and the total hydrocarbon orpetroleum (tph) in the waste fluid. The analysis of the waste fluid isimportant because the amount of solids present in the waste fluid willdetermine the amount of the mature compost, organic fertilizer andindigenous top soil admixed with the waste fluid and/or the necessity toadd additional fresh water. The soluble salt analysis will determine theneed to treat for sodium. The pH of the waste fluid determines whethercertain additional components are necessary. The hydrocarbon level andtype will determine the need for additional hydrocarbon-digestingmicrobes and additional organic fertilizer for growth of the microbeinoculation. The amount of clay present will determine the need for claytreatment with gypsum. Additionally, if the pH of the waste fluid and/orthe mixture resulting from mixing the waste fluid with compost, ororganic matter, and/or organic manure (e. g., cow manure, chicken manureand hog manure), and indigenous soil in the second compartment 28 of thehopper 12 is less than 7, an effective amount of a natural material,such as lime (CaO), potassium hydroxide (KOH), and the like can beincorporated into either the waste fluid prior to transferring same intothe second compartment 28, or into the mixture resulting by admixing thewaste fluid with compost or organic matter, manure and indigenous soil.In one embodiment, the pH of the waste fluid is determined after thewaste fluid has been transferred from the first compartment 26 of thehopper 12 to the second compartment 28 so that the pH of the mixtureproduced in the second compartment 28 of the hopper 12 has a pH of atleast 7, or from about 7.5 to about 9.

It should be noted that by adjusting the pH to the desired range atleast 7, any heavy metals present in the waste fluid and thus themixture in the second compartment 28 of the hopper 12, bind to clayparticles and insure that such heavy metals do not become water-soluble.

Methods of measuring and evaluating the solid content of the waste fluidand for determining the presence of heavy metals in the waste fluid,and/or the mixture of components including the waste fluid in the secondcompartment 28 of the hopper 12 are well known. Thus no further commentsor discussion concerning the analysis of the waste fluid and/or themixture in the second compartment 28 of the hopper 12 for presence ofheavy metals is believed necessary to enable one skilled in the art tounderstand and practice the present invention.

The waste fluid in the mixture contained in the second compartment 28 ofthe hopper 12 can be analyzed for soluble salts such as sodium chloridevia a comprehensive salt test. As will be described in more detailhereinafter, certain additives can be incorporated into the mixturecontained within the second compartment 28 of the hopper 12 to, forexample, balance the sodium content, reduce the hydrocarbon level, andto reduce adhesive characteristics of the clays present.

To convert the waste fluid into indigenous fertile top soil, effectiveamounts of mature compost, and organic matter (e.g. animal manure suchas cow manure, pig manure, chicken manure, and the like), and indigenoussoil are introduced into the second compartment 28 of the hopper 12. Theamount of each component can vary. However, the mixture desirablycontains an effective amount of waste fluid, from about 30 to 150 volumepercent compost, from about 5 to about 20 volume percent dry organicmanure and from about 5 to 20 volume percent indigenous soil, based onthe total volume of the mixture. If heavy metals are present in thewaste fluid it may be desirable to incorporate from about 5 to 15 volumepercent of a material, such as gypsum, which is capable of reducing theadhesive characteristic of the clay particles and thereby insuring thatthe heavy metals remain bound to the clay and soil particles. When it isdetermined that the level of soluble salts in the waste fluid, and thusthe mixture containing such waste fluid, is undesirable, the amount ofsuch soluble salts can be reduced by incorporation of the aforementionedgypsum (calcium sulfate), or by incorporation of ion exchange compoundscontaining soil conditioners such as Nitracal-100™ and Nitracal-SC™offered by SPL Control, L.L.C. of Elmore City, Okla.

In formulating the mixture, care should be exercised to ensure that thecompost is mature compost to prevent an endothermic reaction which wouldheat the fertile indigenous top soil produced to a temperature beyondhealthy temperature for plant growth and seed germination.

The addition of dry organic manure not only increases the presence ofnitrogen in the fertile indigenous top solid produced in accordance withthe present invention, but also introduces new microbes and enzymes intothe resulting soil product. The incorporation of the indigenous top soilprovides the soil produced from the waste fluid with the samemicroorganisms and enzymes as the soil surrounding the well site. Themature compost function as organic food for the microorganisms and thenitrogen from the dry organic manure speeds up the multiplication orgrowth of the microorganisms or microbes which are present in wastefluid. In the event the mixture becomes to viscose, fresh water may beadded to the mixture to enhance mixing.

In most instances, the microorganisms and enzymes present in theindigenous top soil are sufficient to degrade or metabolize anyhydrocarbon or petroleum products present in the waste fluid. However,if it is determined that additional enzymes should be added, varioustypes of enzymes and/or micro-organisms capable of degrading thehydrocarbon and petroleum products which are well known in the art canbe employed.

The mixture present in the second compartment 28 of the hopper 12 isthoroughly mixed via the stirring elements or paddles 80 so thatsubstantially uniform movement of the mixture is provided throughout thesecond compartment 28 of the hopper 12 whereby a substantiallyhomogenous mixture or slurry is formed. Thereafter, in order to furtheractivate the enzymes, compressed air, or heated and compressedoxygen-enriched air, may be injected into the mixture via the apertures94 and 96 of the air supply conduits 90 and 92, respectively. The air isdesirably maintained at a temperature of at least 60° F., and preferablyfrom about 70° F. to about 105° F. However, care should be exercised toensure that the temperature of the air is not sufficient to heat themixture contained in the second compartment 28 of the hopper 12 totemperature sufficient to kill or destroy any enzyme activity of themixture.

Once it is determined that the waste fluid has been converted intoindigenous fertile top soil, the air can be continued to be suppliedinto the second compartment 28 of the hopper 12 until the fertileindigenous top soil is in a semi-dried state. Thereafter, the flow ofair is ceased, and the cap 88 is removed so that the exit opening 38 ofthe cylinder 86 is in an open condition. Thereafter, the auger 36 isactivated and the semi-dried fertile indigenous top soil produced fromthe waste fluid is removed from the second compartment 28 of the hopper12 for use in agricultural purposes at the location of the well. Thefertile indigenous top soil so produced is then analyzed to determinethe salt profile of such soil.

While much of the discussion has been directed to methods fordecontamination of waste fluids at the well site, it is also possible toremediate oil spills and spills of waste fluids from oil and gas wellsin a similar manner. Oil spills involve the release of liquid petroleumhydrocarbons due to accidental spills of crude oil from tankers,offshore platforms, drilling rigs and wells, as well as spills ofrefined petroleum products. Because most oils are less dense than water,the spilled oil floats on the water surface. The oil can penetrate thefeathers of birds and the fur of animals, often causing them to die.Conventional methods to clean up such oil spills include addition ofdispersants to the oily water, or addition of adsorbents often followedby burning. Bioremediation has also been tested. For example, anutrient-rich emulsion can be added to the oil slick to create a bloomof indigenous, hydrocarbon-digesting bacteria which will break down thehydrocarbons into water and carbon dioxide.

It has been found that mixing an organic fertilizer with saw dust orwood shavings can produce a floatable bacterial nutrient. Application ofsuch a floatable bacterial nutrient onto an oil-impacted water surfacecan rapidly remediate the oil spill. Any bacterial nutrient can be used.One source of nutrients particularly useful for culturinghydrocarbon-digesting bacteria is poultry waste. If the rate ofremediation must be faster than achievable with indigenous bacteria,additional hydrogen-digesting bacteria are added to the floatablebacterial nutrient mixture.

In order to further explain the present inventive concepts, thefollowing example is set forth. However, it is to be understood that theexample is for illustrative purposes and are not intended to limit thescope of the present invention.

Example

Waste fluid was collected from three different well locations in theAnadarko basin. These wells represent the true character of thecontaminate profile of water-based drilling mud used at those threespecific well locations. The waste drilling mud from each location wasmixed to form a fertile indigenous top soil containing 70 volume percentcommercial compost, 20 volume percent cow manure, 5 volume percent sand,10 volume percent gypsum, and 20 volume percent indigenous top soil toform a substantially uniform mixture. The soil was then taken toOklahoma State University at Oklahoma City, Okla. Seeds of nativegrasses and small plants were germinated and grown in the samples of theindigenous top soil produced from the water-based drilling mud. Theseeds of the native grasses and small plants were planted in theindigenous top soil produced using the waste fluids are growing and thetomato plants are producing beautiful and delicious tomatoes. It shouldbe noted that there wasn't anything that was taken out of the drillingmud waste to make the fertile indigenous top soil, it was added. Thisexample clearly shows that the liquid and solid waste from drilling oiland gas wells does not have to leave the location but can be turned intofertile indigenous top soil within a few hours and used to grow anynative commercial crop or vegetation. The top soil is complete in and ofitself; not just a soil additive or conditioner. Thus, the soil canstart, sustain and bear beautiful edible fruit. Environmentalperfection. The top soil made at the drilling well sites. Each wellsites top soil has the exact same microorganisms and enzymes as in thesurrounding soil where the well was drilled. Further, this top soil madefrom the waste fluids will have both mineral and organic fertility,greater enzyme activity surrounded by organic food and genetically thesame microorganisms and enzymes as the surrounding soil at each wellsite, thereby resulting in more fertile indigenous top soil, capable ofgrowing a better grade of vegetation then around the well site.

From the above description, it is clear that the inventive conceptsdisclosed herein are well adapted to carry out the objects and to attainthe advantages mentioned herein as well as those inherent in theinventive concepts disclosed herein. While exemplary embodiments of theinventive concepts disclosed herein have been described for purposes ofthis disclosure, it will be understood that numerous changes may be madewhich will readily suggest themselves to those skilled in the art andwhich are accomplished without departing from the scope of the inventiveconcepts disclosed herein and defined by the appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A process for bioremediation of a surface wateroil spill, the process comprising: mixing organic fertilizer with afloatable material selected from saw dust, wood shavings, and acombination thereof to produce a floatable bacterial nutrient; andapplying the floatable bacterial nutrient onto an oil spill-impactedwater surface.
 2. The process of claim 1, the organic fertilizercomprising poultry waste.
 3. The process of claim 2, further comprisingthe step of adding hydrocarbon-digesting microbes to the floatablebacterial nutrient.
 4. The process of claim 1, further comprising thestep of adding hydrocarbon-digesting microbes to the floatable bacterialnutrient.
 5. A bioremediation agent for remediation of surface water oilcontamination, the bioremediation agent comprising: organic fertilizer,hydrocarbon-digesting microbes, and a floatable material selected fromsaw dust, wood shavings, and a combination thereof.
 6. Thebioremediation agent of claim 5, wherein the organic fertilizercomprises chicken waste.